Concepts Of Quantum Mechanics Research Articles

Numerical investigations of the extensive entanglement Hamiltonian in quantum spin ladders

Entanglement constitutes one of the key concepts in quantum mechanics and serves as an indispensable tool in the understanding of quantum many-body systems. In this work, we perform extensive numerical investigations of extensive entanglement properties of coupled quantum spin chains. This setup has proven useful for e.g. extending the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem to open systems, and contrasts the majority of previous research where the entanglement cut has one lower dimension than the system. We focus on the cases where the entanglement Hamiltonian is either gapless or exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking behavior. We further employ conformal field theoretical formulae to identify the universal behavior in the former case. The results in our work can serve as a paradigmatic starting point for more systematic exploration of the largely uncharted physics of extensive entanglement, both analytical and numerical.

Casimir wormhole with GUP correction in extended symmetric teleparallel gravity

Quantum mechanical concept such as the Casimir effect is explored to model traversable wormholes in an extended symmetric teleparallel gravity theory. The minimal length concept leading to the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) is used to obtain the Casimir energy density. The effect of the GUP correction in the geometrical and physical properties of traversable Casimir wormholes are investigated. It is noted that the GUP correction has a substantial effect on the wormhole geometry and it modifies the energy condition. From a detailed calculation of the exotic matter content of the GUP corrected Casimir wormhole, it is shown that, a minimal amount of exotic matter is sufficient to support the stability of the wormhole.

Educating to the “Culture” of Quantum Technologies: A Survey Study on Concepts for Public Awareness

In this article we offer a conceptual and practical contribution to the field of STEM education by investigating the concepts educators may include in Quantum Technologies (QT) outreach activities. We embed our approach in the discipline-culture (DC) framework, in which we consider the cultural nuances of QT as an important factor which must not be ignored in education efforts. To this end, a survey study by the pilot project Quantum Technologies Education For Everyone (QuTE4E), investigating key concepts for QT outreach, was conducted between December 2021 and June 2022. Here we present the results of the study, analysed through the DC framework, and consider the implications for designing QT outreach activities. The data hints at the perceived value of highlighting core concepts of Quantum Mechanics (QM), while also raising the question of whether QT sits as a discipline of Physics, Computer Science, or elsewhere. This calls for a reordering of the primacy of certain concepts (such as qubit and spin) for outreach purposes, where core concepts in QM might not be core concepts in QT, and vice versa. The results of this study provide valuable insights for those interested in learning more about this rapidly-evolving field.

Nanocomposite materials as observed by mass-selective neutron spectroscopy

Abstract This work provides a current, critical view of the application of MAss-selective Neutron SpEctroscopy (MANSE) to nanocomposite materials. MANSE is a unique technique made possible owing to the existence of the pulsed neutron sources. At present, the only operating MANSE spectrometer in the world, VESUVIO, is located at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source in the UK. We start by providing a brief description of the neutron Compton scattering, the anatomy of a mass-selective neutron spectrometer, and the experimental data treatment. We continue by briefly outlining the main quantum mechanical concepts, models and approximations relevant both to the ab initio prediction and experimental measurement of main MANSE observables. Next, we present several recent exemplars chosen to highlight the use of MANSE in the field of nanocomposites. Our examples include, in chronological order, encapsulated nanoparticles in amorphous silica gel, bioactive glass-ionomer cement, Cu-Ti-C composites, and sodium carboxymethyl starch-based binders in the presence of a mineral matrix. We close by providing our view of the ongoing and future challenges and opportunities in the mass-selective neutron investigation of NQEs in nanocomposite materials.

Research and prospects of encryption mechanism for quantum communication

With the continuous advancement of quantum communication technology, the public's interest in quantum mechanics and quantum communication has been steadily increasing. However, due to the general level of knowledge and misleading popular science videos on the internet, there are significant misconceptions regarding the understanding of quantum mechanics and quantum communication technology. This study aims to enhance readers' understanding of this field by providing an accessible introduction to the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and quantum communication. This paper starts by elaborating on the basic concepts of quantum mechanics, such as wave function, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of observables, and the superposition of eigenstates. Then, taking polarization of light as an example, the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics are explained. Subsequently, through the examples of the BB84 and B92 protocols, the working principles of quantum communication and its advantage of being secure against eavesdropping are explained. Finally, an overview of the current status and technological challenges faced by quantum communication technology is provided. It is our expectation that readers, after reading this paper, will enhance their understanding of the theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum communication, thereby avoiding being misled by erroneous information from the internet and real-life sources.

Planar weibull quantum circuit genetic algorithm with strong search ability and its implementation

Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a widely used search method, and Quantum Genetic Algorithm (QGA) has been pointed out for several years. While common QGA only refers to the concept of quantum mechanics, and still uses mathematical representations of quantum states to simulate quantum entanglement and superposition, it can’t be realized on a quantum computer. This paper presents an implementable quantum circuit for a genetic algorithm, named as Planar-Weibull Quantum Circuit Genetic Algorithm (PW-QCGA), employing the Weibull function and excitation function through planar matrix coding. It is not only a self-adaptive algorithm that adjusts parameters dynamically, but it can also be executed on quantum computers by constructing parameterized quantum circuits. Experiments on three typical applications show that PW-QCGA not only has obvious advantages on convergence accuracy, search ability, convergence speed, and robustness, but also has higher fidelity on a quantum computer. We hope this work can bring inspiration to other quantum intelligent algorithms.

Visualizations and Analyses of Quantum Behavior, Spacetime Curvature, and Metric Relationships in Relativistic Physics

This study aims to investigate essential concepts in quantum mechanics and theoretical physics, with an emphasis on the 1+1 dimension. We examine the Dirac equation for relativistic spin-1/2 particles, the Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation in 1+1 spacetime with flat conformal metric, and connect them to the Dirac equation. Additionally, we explore the Alcubierre Metric related to warp drive, particle modeling in a harmonic potential using the Schrödinger Equation, and the Gödel Metric Solution to depict the peculiarities of spacetime. The research aims to deepen the understanding of these concepts, identify theoretical implications, and their potential applications. This research aims to enhance the understanding of fundamental physics, assist in the development of future technologies, and provide deeper insights into the universe. Its benefits lie in contributing to theoretical understanding in physics, which can spark the development of new theories. This study is limited to physics concepts in the 1+1 dimensions, without empirical experiments or practical applications. The primary focus is on the theoretical analysis of these concepts. The results of this research have potential theoretical implications in understanding basic physics and spacetime phenomena. The simplification and connections between these concepts can aid in the development of new theories in theoretical physics. The uniqueness of this research lies in its integrative approach to quantum mechanics and theoretical physics concepts in the 1+1 dimension, which may not have been extensively explored previously. Through this research, we have investigated several key concepts in quantum mechanics and theoretical physics in the 1+1 dimension. These findings can make a significant contribution to our understanding of the universe and the potential development of new theories in physics.

Eigengame: a primer to introduce wave functions and probabilities

We report on a quantum mechanics popularisation software, Eigengame, developed to get general audiences to play with key concepts in quantum mechanics, i.e., the wave function, the quantization of energy, the probability density and, to some extent, the measurement problem. The software is developed in python and is available online at github.

A Modified Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithm Using Lengthening Chromosome Size and an Adaptive Look-Up Table to Avoid Local Optima

The quantum-inspired genetic algorithm (QGA), which combines quantum mechanics concepts and GA to enhance search capability, has been popular and provides an efficient search mechanism. This paper proposes a modified QGA, called dynamic QGA (DQGA). The proposed algorithm utilizes a lengthening chromosome strategy for a balanced and smooth transition between exploration and exploitation phases to avoid local optima and premature convergence. Apart from that, a novel adaptive look-up table for rotation gates is presented to boost the algorithm’s optimization abilities. To evaluate the effectiveness of these ideas, DQGA is tested by various mathematical benchmark functions as well as real-world constrained engineering problems against several well-known and state-of-the-art algorithms. The obtained results indicate the merits of the proposed algorithm and its superiority for solving multimodal benchmark functions and real-world constrained engineering problems.

Normal mode analysis in multi-coupled non-Hermitian optical nanocavities

Coupled optical cavities are an attractive on-chip optical platform for realizing quantum mechanical concepts in electrodynamics and further developing non-Hermitian photonics. In such systems, an intercavity interaction is often considered as a key parameter to understand the system’s behaviors but its estimation/calculation is typically limited for some simplified systems owing to extended complexities. For example, multi-coupled photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities exhibiting strong resonances with a large free spectral range can serve as an excellent test-bed to study non-Hermitian optical properties when spatially non-uniform gain is introduced. However, the detailed quantitative analysis such as spectral tracing of cavity normal modes is often limited in commercially available numerical tools because of the required massive computation resources. Herein, we report on a concept of spatial overlap integrals (SOIs) between the eigenmodes in non-coupled PhC nanocavities and utilize them to obtain the intercavity interactions in passively coupled PhC nanocavity systems. With the help of coupling strength factors calculated from SOIs, we were able to fully exploit the coupled mode theory (CMT) and readily trace the detailed spectral behaviors of normal modes in various multi-coupled PhC nanocavities. Full-wave numerical simulation results verified the proposed method, revealing that the characteristics of original eigenmodes from non-coupled PhC nanocavities can act as key building blocks for analyzing the normal modes of multi-coupled PhC nanocavities. We further applied this SOI method to various multi-coupled PhC nanocavities with non-symmetric optical gain/loss distributions and successfully observed the unusual spectral evolution of normal modes and the correspondingly occurring unique non-Hermitian behaviors.

도스토옙스키『죽음의 집의 기록』의 서술자 형상 연구

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Dostoevsky's poetry and philosophy of ‘redemption’ are interconnected by analyzing the narrator in Notes from a Dead House. Goryanchkov is the most complex narrator among Dostoyevsky’s works, which becomes further complicated through the novel’s “Introduction”. Based on this, this paper adapts the concepts of quantum mechanics to the context of a novel. Goryanchkov does not seem to have mobility. Instead, he has the ‘movement of electron’ and the changes he goes through are only made possible through the reader’s eyes. This movement has an ‘uncertainty’ and makes readers impossible to understand the narrator. Therefore, it makes redemption unattainable for the readers and does not completely eliminate its possibility. In addition, movement and uncertainty become sophisticated narratives devices in “Introduction” proving that Notes from a Dead House is not a report or a documentary, but a novel that integrates the author’s poetry and philosophy.

(Invited) Advanced Modeling of Nanoscale Devices

Moore’s scaling law has survived during more than 50 years because the transistor fabrication recipes have been continuously adapted and technology boosters have been gradually introduced, e.g. strain, high- dielectrics, or 3-D FinFETs. The driving force behind these innovations has always been the intuition of clever researchers who benefited from classical technology computer aided design (TCAD) tools. The latter have been used in the semiconductor industry since the end of the 1970’s, when the first 2-D simulations of CMOS devices became feasible on a supercomputer [1]. Over the last 40 years, transistors have undergone tremendous evolutions, their dimensions being reduced by several orders of magnitude, while the physical models at the core of commercially available device simulators have remained the same: electron transport is still described by classical drift-diffusion (DD) equations, which have been modified to capture parts of the quantum mechanical effects affecting nano-transistors, e.g. geometrical confinement tunnelling leakages, or energy quantization [2].A new generation of advanced TCAD tools that go beyond the DD equations and rely on atomistic quantum mechanical concepts is needed to reproduce the characteristics of today’s nanostructures and to predict the performance of not-yet-fabricated components. Such tools should combine different modelling approaches to be able to treat various device types, from state-of-the-art nano-transistors to photo-detectors based on two-dimensional materials or resistive switching random access memories. For example, to shed light on the behaviour of valence change memory (VCM) cells, which consist of metal-insulator-metal stacks, molecular dynamics (MD), kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), density functional theory (DFT), and quantum transport (QT) should be allied, as illustrated in the accompanying figure. By doing so, the growth of nano-filaments through realistic oxides embedded between two metallic electrodes can be accurately simulated and the electrical current flowing through computed with, e.g., the Non-equilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF) formalism [3]. In this presentation the multi-method simulation environment shown the accompanying Figure will be briefly reviewed. The main focus will be set on the discussion of few applications, among them transistors and memory cells.

Quantum rate theory and electron-transfer dynamics: A theoretical and experimental approach for quantum electrochemistry

Quantum rate theory is based on a first-principle quantum mechanical rate concept that comprises with the Planck–Einstein relationship E=hν, where ν=e2/hCq is a frequency associated with the quantum capacitance Cq and E=e2/Cq is the energy associated with ν. For a single state mode of transmittance, e2/Cq corresponds to the chemical potential differences Δμ between donor and acceptor state levels comprising an electrochemical reaction. A statistical mechanic treatment of E is required to compute the contribution of the thermal dynamics at finite temperature. The Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate was obtained, as well as Marcus’s Arrhenius-type electron-transfer rate constant as a particular setting of the quantum rate ν. Consequently, this ν concept provides the quantum mechanical foundations for electrochemical reactions at room temperature. The present work also demonstrates that the electron-transfer rate of heterogeneous (diffusionless) reactions can be studied in detail within this theory by measuring Cq using time-dependent electrochemical methods. Since the electron transfer follows a statistical mechanics version of the Planck–Einstein E=hν relationship, the electrochemical reaction dynamics cannot be appropriately modeled using non-relativistic Schrödinger wave mechanics, which is the ongoing quantum approach to electrochemistry. Accordingly, a relativistic analysis that takes into account the spin dynamics of the electron is more appropriate. The latter assumption implies quantum electrodynamics within a particular quantum transport mode intrinsically coupled to the electron-transfer rate of electrochemical reactions that have not been considered thus far. Here it is demonstrated that the consideration of this inherent quantum transport is key to obtaining an in-depth understanding of the electron transfer phenomenon. Finally, the theory is validated through its description of electron transfer, quantum conductance, and capacitance in different electro-active molecular films.

APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE IN MARKETING: ENHANCING DECISION MAKING IN AN EVER-CHANGING LANDSCAPE

The Uncertainty Principle, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, has revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. This research paper explores the application of the Uncertainty Principle in the field of marketing. In an era of rapid technological advancements and evolving consumer behavior, marketers face an increasingly uncertain and unpredictable landscape. Leveraging the principles of uncertainty, this paper proposes novel approaches to marketing decision-making, providing insights on adapting strategies to changing conditions, fostering innovation, and staying competitive..

About the notion of eigenstates for C*-algebras and some application in quantum mechanics

This work is concerned with the notion of eigenstates for C*-algebras. After reviewing some basic and structural results, we explore the possibility of reinterpreting certain typical concepts of quantum mechanics (e.g., dynamical equilibrium states, ground states, gapped states, Fermi surfaces) in terms of (algebraic) eigenstates.

Microsoft Excel powered virtual electron diffraction tube experiment as an enhanced educational tool

This paper presents a novel Microsoft Excel based virtual electron diffraction experiment, which replicates all functionality of an electron diffraction tube which is an important tool for the verification of the concept of matter waves. Unlike most of virtual labs where accessibility is mostly online; presented simulator is simply a downloadable excel file and can be used offline as a learning resource. Impact of the presented simulator on the learning was analysed by the test conducted for the control and the experimental group of students. Results of the test show the enhanced performance by the experimental group of students, indicating the positive impact of using the simulator along with conventional classroom teaching. This simulator intends to simplify the abstract quantum mechanical concept of matter waves by bringing the laboratory sort of experience in classroom.

Quantum Computer Architecture: A Quantum Circuit-Based Approach Towards Quantum Neural Network

According to recent research on the brain and cognition, the microtubule level activities in the brain are in accordance with the quantum mechanical concepts. Consciousness is the emergent phenomenon of the brain’s subsystems and the quantum neural correlates. Based on the global work-space theory and traditional neural networks, investigations in machine consciousness and machine intelligence are reporting new techniques.  In this study, a novel approach using circuit-based quantum neural network is proposed and simulated. This approach satisfies all the criteria of quantum computing and is tested for the exclusive OR (XOR) gate’s nonlinear learning. As a result of the use of quantum gates, various quantum circuits, such as quantum adders and subtractors, are also created and included in the designing and simulation of circuit of the quantum neural networks. Moreover, it is also argued that the proposed circuit of quantum neural network may also be tested and implemented on real quantum computer hardware. The present study also stresses the applicability of techniques of machine learning algorithms such as quantum and classical neural networks to various challenges of High Energy Physics.

Aberration of Electric Field and Motion of an Electron

Aberration of electric field is a missing link in physics, which necessitated the concept of special relativity and quantum mechanics, to describe some physical phenomenon. An electron of mass m and charge –e moving with velocity v at angle θ to an electric field E, is subject to aberration of electrid field, as a result of relativity of velocity between the electrical force, transmitted with velodity of light c, and the electron moving with velocity v. Accelerating force, at time t, in accordance with Coulomb’s law and Newton’s second law of motion, put as F = -(eE/c)(c – v) = m(dv/dt), is less than the electrostatic foce -eE, the difference is radiation reaction force. At the velocity of light v = c, the force F becomes zero and the electron continues to move with speed c as an ultimate limit. Motion of the electron with constant mass m and its radiation power are treated under acceleration with θ = 0 or deceleration with θ = � radians or at constant speed v, in a circle of radiua r, with θ =�/2 radians. It is shown that circular motion of an electron round a central force of attraction, as in the Rutherford’s nuclear model of the hydrogen atom, is inherently stable. There is no need of special relativisty for the speed of light to become a limit and quantum mechanics is not necessary in explaining emission of radiation from accelerated charged particles.

Theory of the Unified Gravity: Sayed’s Quantum Gravity Force (SQGF) as a Function in Wavelength and Planck Length with Inevitability of Light Speed Violation

Nothing by chance, everything was created by Allah (God). Quantum gravity (QG) is a hundred year unsolved puzzle and nagging mystery. This article introduces an innovative theory to describe quantum gravity by merging Newtonian, general relativity and quantum mechanics concepts. A unified formula and equations for quantifying and defining the quantum gravity was derived. It is called Sayed`s quantum gravity force (SQGF). It can be concluded that the gravity is a force inversely proportional to the square of the gravity quanta wavelength and distance; it is not only due to warping and curvature of the space-time fabric. The derived equation indicates that the gravity is also quantized. The Sayed`s gravitational constant (AsM) was given. The SQGF formula was validated and verified by check its units and calculations of the wavelengths in the micro and macroscopic scale. For the micro gravity force of 1µN (1 micro Newton), the wavelength was calculated. It was found to be in the measurable range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The quanta gravity wavelength of values 5.6026 x 10-9 m and 2.83457 x 10-13 m were found for Planck scale and electron-proton of H-atom respectively. A proposed approach to measure the relative gravity wavelengths is given. It can revolutionary be concluded that the speed of light is a variable. The violation of light speed is a must for the instantaneous nature of the gravity quanta and the entanglement phenomena.

Investigating the Effects of Hyperparameters in Quantum-Enhanced Deep Reinforcement Learning

Quantum machine learning uses quantum mechanical concepts of superposition of states to make the decision. In this work, we used these quantum advantages to enhance deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Our primary and foremost goal is to investigate and elucidate a way of representing and solving the frozen lake problems by using PennyLane which contains Xanadu’s back-end quantum processing unit. This paper specifically discusses how to enhance classical deep reinforcement learning algorithms with quantum computing technology, making quantum agents get a maximum reward after a fixed number of epochs and realizing the effect of a number of variational quantum layers on the trainability of enhanced framework. We have analyzed that, as the number of layers increases, the ability of the quantum agent to converge to the optimal state also increases. For this work, we have trained the framework agent with 2, 3, and 5 variational quantum layers. An agent with 2 layers converges to a total reward of 0.95 after the training episode of 526. The other agent with layers converges to a total reward of 0.95 after the training episode of 397 and the agent which uses 5 quantum variational layers converges to a total reward of 0.95 after the training episode of 72. From this, we can understand that the agent with a more variational layer exploits more and converges to the optimal state before the other agent. We also analyzed our work in terms of different learning rate hyperparameters. We recorded every single learning epoch to demonstrate the outcomes of enhanced DRL algorithms with selected 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 learning rates or alpha values. From this result, we can conclude that the greater the learning rate values in quantum deep reinforcement learning, the fewer timesteps it takes to move from the start point to the goal state.